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Alphabet russe

Article en cours de traduction - Merci de votre compréhension

L' alphabet russe est une variante de l'alphabet cyrillique qui en possède d'autres. Celui-ci fut introduit dans la Russie kiévienne au temps de sa conversion au christianisme vers 988, chiffre traditionnel qui est peut-être légèrement postérieur à ce que laissent penser certains faits d'archéologie.

Il n'est question dans cet article que de l'utilisation de l'alphabet cyrillique pour la langue russe.

L'alphabet

L'alphabet russe est comme suit :

Majuscule	Minuscule	Nom	Ancien nom1	SAMPA	Valeur numérique19
А	а	А /A/	азъ /az/	/a/	1
Б	б	бэ /bE/	буки /buki/	/b/	-
В	в	вэ /vE/	вди /vedi/	/v/	2
Г	г	гэ /gE/	глаголь /glagol/	/g/	3
Д	д	дэ /dE/	добро /dobro/	/d/	4
Е	е4	Е /jE/	есть /yest'/	/je/	5
Ё	ё4,7	Ё /jO/	–	/jo/	-
Ж	ж	жэ /ZE/	живте /Z1v'et'e/	/Z/	-
З	з	зэ /zE/	земля /z'eml'a/	/z/	7
И	и4	И /i:/	иже /i:ZE/	/i/	8
Й	й	И краткое /i: kratkoje/	–	/j/	-
К	к	ка /ka/	како /kako/	/k/	20
Л	л	эль /El'/	люди /l'udi/	/l/	30
М	м	эм /Em/	мыслте /m1sl'et'e/	/m/	40
Н	н	эн /En/	нашъ /naS/	/n/	50
О	о	О /o/	онъ /on/	/o/	70
П	п	пэ /pE/	покой /pokoj/	/p/	80
Р	р	эр /Er/	рцы /rts1/	/r/	100
С	с	эс /Es/	слово /slovo/	/s/	200
Т	т	тэ /tE/	твердо /tv'erdo/	/t/	300
У	у	У /u/	укъ /uk/	/u/	400
Ф	ф	эф /Ef/	фертъ /f'ert/	/f/	500
Х	х	ха /xa/	хръ /Cer/	/x/	600
Ц	ц	це /tsE/	цы /ts1/	/ts/	900
Ч	ч	че /tSE/	червь /tServ'/	/tS/	90
Ш	ш	ша /Sa/	ша /Sa/	/S/	-
Щ	щ	ща /S'a/	ща /S'a/	/Sj/	-
Ъ	ъ	твёрдый знак /tv'ord1j znak/	еръ /jer/; Yer	Note2	-
Ы	ы	Ы /1:/	еры /jer1/	/1/5 (IPA [i])	-
Ь	ь	мягкий знак /m'axkij znak/	ерь /jer'/	/'/3	-
Э	э6	э оборотное /E oborotnoje/	–	/E/	-
Ю	ю	Ю4 /ju/	ю /ju/	/ju/	-
Я	я4,16,17	Я /ja/	я /ja/	/ja/	-
Letters eliminated in 1918:
І	і8	-	I /i:/	/i/	10
	Image manquante Fita_lc_ru.PNG Image:fita_lc_ru.PNG 9	-	Image manquante Fita_lc_ru2.PNG image:fita_lc_ru2.PNG ита /fi:ta/	/f/	9
	10	-	ять /jat'/; Yat	/jE/	-
V	v11	-	ижица /iZ1tsa/	/i/	-
Letters in disuse by the 18th century:18
S	s14	-	зло /z'elo/	/dz/ or /z/	6
Image manquante Ksi_uc_ru.png Image:ksi_uc_ru.png	Image manquante Ksi_lc_ru.png Image:ksi_lc_ru.png 12	-	кси /ksi/	/ks/	60
Image manquante Psi_uc_ru.png Image:psi_uc_ru.png	Image manquante Psi_lc_ru.png Image:psi_lc_ru.png 12	-	пси /psi/	/ps/	700
Image manquante Omega_uc_ru.PNG Image:omega_uc_ru.PNG	Image manquante Omega_lc_ru.PNG Image:omega_lc_ru.PNG 13	-	омега /om'ega/	/o/	800
Image manquante Yus_bolshoj_uc.PNG Image:yus_bolshoj_uc.PNG	Image manquante Yus_bolshoj_lc.PNG Image:Yus_bolshoj_lc.PNG	-	юсъ большой /jus bol'Soj/, Yus	/u/,/ju/15	-
Image manquante Yus_maluij_uc.PNG Image:yus_maluij_uc.PNG	Image manquante Yus_maluij_lc.PNG Image:yus_maluij_lc.PNG 15	-	юсъ малый /jus mal1j/	/ja/14	-
Image manquante Yus_bolshoj_io_uc.PNG Image:yus_bolshoj_io_uc.PNG	Image manquante Yus_bolshoj_io_lc.PNG Image:yus_bolshoj_io_lc.PNG	-	юсъ большой іотированный /jus bol'Soj jotirowann1j/	/ju/15	-
Image manquante Yus_malyj_io_uc.PNG Image:yus_malyj_io_uc.PNG	Image manquante Yus_malyj_io_lc.PNG Image:yus_malyj_io_lc.PNG	-	юсъ малый іотированный /jus mal1j jotirovann1j/	/ja/15	-

Le nom des lettres

1. Until approximately 1900, mnemonic names inherited from Church Slavonic were used for the letters. They are given here in the pre-1918 orthography of the post-1708 civil alphabet.

Since most of the old names are obviously native words, it has been argued that reading the list in the traditional order produces a kind of paean to the art of language, or a moral instruction:

The non-vocalized letters

2. The hard sign ъ indicates that the preceding consonant is not palatized. Its original pronunciation, lost by 1400 at the latest, was that of a very short schwa-like sound, usually latinized ŭ.

3. The soft sign ь indicates that the preceding consonant is palatized. Its original pronunciation, lost by 1400 at the latest, was that of a very short iotated schwa-like sound, usually latinized ĭ.

The vowels

4. The vowels е, ё, и, ю, я palatalize a preceding consonant, and all but и are iotated (with an preceding [j]) when initial. Initial и was iotated until the nineteenth century.

5. The ы is an old Common Slavonic tense intermediate vowel, thought to have been preserved better in modern Russian than in other Slavic languages. It was originally nasalized in certain positions: OR камы /kam1~/ R камень /kam'en'/ « rock ». Its written form developed as follows: ъ + і > ъı > ы.

6. The э was introduced in 1708 to distuinguish the non-iotated/non-palatalizing /e/ from the iotated/palatalizing е. The original usage had been е for the uniotated /e/, ıє or Image manquante
Yat_lc_ru.PNG
Image:Yat_lc_ru.PNG

for the iotated, but ıє had dropped out of use by the sixteenth century.

7. The ё, introduced by Lomonosov in the eighteenth century, marks a /jo/ sound that has historically developed from /je/ under stress, a process that continues to be productive today. The letter ё is optional: it is formally correct consistently to write e for both /je/ and /jo/. None of the several attempts in the twentieth century to mandate the use of ё have stuck, and today it is conceded that computer input has further weakened it.

Letters eliminated in 1918

8. The і, identical to pronunciation to и, was used exclusively immediately in front of other vowels (for example Нью-Іоркъ /n'ju jork/ « New York » and in the word міръ /mir/ « world » and its derivativers, to distinguish it from the (etymologically equivalent) word миръ /mir/ « peace ».

9. The Image manquante
Fita_lc_ru.PNG
Image:fita_lc_ru.PNG

, from the Greek theta, was identical to ф in pronunciation, as in Byzantine Greek, but was used etymologically.

10. The Image manquante
Yat_uc_ru.PNG
Image:yat_uc_ru.PNG

or Yat had originally had a distinct sound, but by the middle of the eighteenth century had become identical in pronunciation to е in the standard language. Since its elimination in 1918, it has remained a political symbol of the old orthography.

11. V (originally Greek upsilon) was identical to и in pronunciation, as in Byzantine Greek, but was used etymologically, though by 1918 had become very rare.

Letters in disuse by 1750

12. Image manquante
Ksi_uc_ru.PNG
Image:ksi_uc_ru.PNG

and Image manquante
Psi_uc_ru.PNG
Image:psi_uc_ru.PNG

are Greek letters xi and psi, used etymologically though inconsistency in secular writing until the eighteenth century, and more consistently to the present day in Church Slavonic.

13. Image manquante
Omega_uc_ru.PNG
Image:omega_uc_ru.PNG

is the Greek letter omega, identical in pronunciation to о, used in secular writing until the eighteenth century, but to the present day in Church Slavonic, mostly to distinguish inflexional forms otherwise written identically.

14. S corresponded to a primitive /dz/ pronunciation, already absent in East Slavic at the start of the historical period, but kept by tradition in certain words until the eighteenth century in secular writing, and in Church Slavonic to the present day.

15. The yuses had become, according to linguistic reconstruction, irrelevant for East Slavic phonology already at the beginning of the historical period, but were introduced along with the rest of the Cyrillic alphabet. Image manquante
Yus_bolshoj_io_uc.PNG
Image:yus_bolshoj_io_uc.PNG

and Image manquante
Yus_malyj_io_uc.PNG
Image:yus_malyj_io_uc.PNG

largely vanished by the twelfth century. Image manquante
Yus_bolshoj_uc.PNG
Image:yus_bolshoj_uc.PNG

continued to be used, etymologically, until the sixteenth century. Thereafter it was restricted to being a dominical letter in the Paschal tables. The seventeenth-century usage of Image manquante
Yus_bolshoj_uc.PNG
Image:yus_bolshoj_uc.PNG

and Image manquante
Yus_maluij_uc.PNG
Image:yus_maluij_uc.PNG

(see next note) survives in contemporary Church Slavonic.

16. Image manquante
Yus_maluij_uc.PNG
Image:yus_maluij_uc.PNG

was adapted to represent the iotated /ja/ я in the middle or end of a word; the modern letter я is an adaptation of its cursive form of the seventeenth century, enshrined by the typographical reform of 1708.

17. Until 1708, the iotated /ja/ was written ıa at the beginning of a word. This distinction between Image manquante
Yus_maluij_uc.PNG
Image:yus_maluij_uc.PNG

and ıa survives in Church Slavonic.

18. Although it is usually stated that the letters labelled « fallen into disuse by the XVIII century » above were eliminated in the typographical reform of 1708, reality is somewhat more complex. The letters were indeed originally omitted from the sample alphabet, printed in a western-style serif font, presented in Peter's edict, along with the modern letter и, but were reinstated under pressure from the Russian Orthodox Church in a later variant of the modern typeface. Nonetheless, they fell completely out of use in secular writing by 1750.

Numeric values

19. The numerical values correspond to the Greek numerals, with S being used for digamma, Ч for koppa, and Ц for sampi. The system was abandoned for secular purposes in 1708, after a transitional period of a century or so; it continues to be used in Church Slavonic.

Related articles

• Russe
• Alphabet cyrillique
• Russian orthography
• Reforms of Russian orthography
• Church Slavonic
• Church Slavonic